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Poverty reduction and sustainable development


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 2.3  
poverty with faster environmental degradation   小荷作文网 www.zww.cn
    
Faster economic growth in developing countries can lead to fast  
environmental degradation. The general consensus seems to be that poverty is a  
major cause of environmental degradation. 《Duraiappa 2169》 For example, in one  
of the conclusions of the Bruntland Commission report, which incidentally has  
been accepted as the blueprint for environmental conservation, it is explicitly  
stated that poverty is a major cause of environmental problems and amelioration  
of poverty is a necessary and central condition of any effective program to  
deal with environmental concerns.  
As is mentioned above, the poor people mainly  
rely on the natural resources. Water, soil, forest, animals and so on supported  
their living for a thousand years. The vast uses of natural resources degrade  
the environment. It has been proved that degradation of soil and vegetative resources  
already threatens agricultural productivity, biodiversity, and water quality and  
availability in many ‘hot spots’ in the developing world. Soils in about 16% of  
agricultural land area in developing countries, and a higher proportion of crop  
and dry lands, have degraded moderately or severely since mid-century, mainly  
through soil erosion, nutrient depletion and salinization. 《Scherr 480》 Unfortunately,  
environmental  
degradation will in return fasten poverty. The burden of  
the  
costs to environmental  
degradation falls most heavily on vulnerable groups. The  
poor are exposed to  
greater environmental risks than the higher income  
groups and lack the resources to mitigate those risks. Environmental health influences often have  
more severe repercussions on the poor than on the non-poor, because the non-poor are likely  
to have more resources to deal with such events, and have better accesses to health and education services  
in general. Environmental impacts and natural disasters can also result in a  
loss of income or assets that is more detrimental for the livelihoods of the poor than for the non-poor.  
It is estimated  
that the impact of environmental degradation for the poor relative to the non-poor  
is  
20 percent higher per 1,000 people, and 4.5 times higher per unit of income, highlighting  
the importance of environmental degradation as a barrier to reducing  
inequality.《World  
Bank 15》  
 
3. A sustainable poverty reduction program  
  No doubtfully, poverty is a threat to  
sustainable development. It is necessary to get more people out poverty if we  
are to achieve sustainable development. Oreover, as poverty is seen as an  
obstacle to sustainable development, then everything should be done to limit  
the damage caused by poor people. It is said that  
sustained development requires a comprehensive framework that includes: 1》 good  
governance; 2》 sound legal, incentive, and regulatory frameworks that protect  
property rights, enforce contracts and stimulate competitive markets, 3》 a  
sound financial sector, adequately regulated and supervised with a basis in  
internationally accepted accounting and auditing standards; 4》 health,  
education and social services that reach the poor, women and girls effectively;  
5》 quality infrastructure and public services to promote rural development and  
livable cities; and 6》 policies to promote environmental and human  
sustainability. 《World Bank 15》 Based on these contents, we think a sustainable  
poverty reduction program should pay attention to and take actions on putting  
forward to a good and enough governance agenda, regulating and supervising  
financial system, improving health, education and social services and making  
effective policies.  
 
  3.1 Putting forward to a good and enough  
governance agenda  
Good governance is a necessity for  
development and poverty reduction. Various studies suggest that good  
governance is a major contributor to development, while people living in ineffective  
or venal states suffer from a lack of economic and social development.《World Bank 65》 Moreover, good  
governance ensures effective property rights and contract enforcement without  
excessively restrictive and arbitrary regulatory structures, and the delivery  
of an appropriate mix and quality of public services, with the inclusion of the  
poor and women, and without corruption.Since good governance is vital to  
poverty reduction and sustainable development, the major tasks of this program  
is dealing with how a good government could come into being.  
Many  
developing countries have a fierce discussion on good governance. They think  
governments facing significant challenges of political instability should  
recognize the importance of establishing law, order, and stability as  
critically important governance conditions for poverty reduction. For example,  
democratization 《Ethiopia and Vietnam》, political will 《Malawi》, information on  
government activities 《Rwanda and Zambia》, improving social services  
《Mauritania》, reforming state-owned enterprises 《Vietnam》, and innovative ideas  
about citizen monitoring 《Bolivia》. We think giving these problems with a good  
enough governance agenda is necessary. Then several actions should be taken to  
lead to a more realistic agenda for good enough governance, such as addressing  
the link between the governance and poverty reduction more carefully, situating  
good governance historically and developmentally, asking different questions  
about change, assessing more carefully who needs to do what, and applying  
priorities on a country-by-country basis. 《Grindle 13》  
 
 
 
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